Municipal Home Rehabilitation Programs

OLR Report 2016-R-0036 briefly describes municipal home repair and rehabilitation programs available to Connecticut homeowners.

There are several different kinds of municipally administered home repair and rehabilitation programs available to homeowners.  The report provides examples of programs supported by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) grants and those supported with municipal funding.  HUD supported programs are the most common type found in Connecticut.  Eligibility criteria typically follow the HUD income guidelines for low- and moderate-income households.
 
Many of Connecticut’s municipalities administer homeowner rehabilitation programs utilizing funding available through the HUD Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program. CDBG funding is divided between “entitlement” and “non-entitlement” communities.  Entitlement communities (i.e., cities with a population of at least 50,000) receive funding directly from HUD.  Non-entitlement communities (i.e., municipalities with a population of less than 50,000) must compete to receive CDBG money through the state’s Small Cities program. The Small Cities grants are administered by the Department of Housing and the municipality. The municipalities (1) vet applications from residents for a portion of the funding allotted to the municipality and (2) may designate some funding for a project of the municipality’s choosing.

For more information, read the full report here.

Commercial Cyber-Security Insurance

OLR Report 2016-R-0008 explains commercial cyber-security insurance, which typically covers a business' losses from a cyber-attack or loss of digital records containing personally identifiable information.  It includes coverage for legal fees and court judgments, business interruption, cyber-extortion, and data loss, among other risks.

A report from Allianz estimates the cyber-security market could reach $20 billion in annual premiums by 2025, and the cyber-security insurance industry is predicted to triple in size to $7.5 billion by 2020, according to a 2015 PricewaterhouseCoopers report.  Nonetheless, the federal Department of Homeland Security's National Protection and Programs Directorate suggests the private cyber-security insurance market faces significant obstacles to growth, including the lack of actuarial data and the unpredictability of the cyber-sector.

According to the Insurance Department, cyber-security insurance appears to be purchased primarily by large businesses.  Small businesses are less likely to purchase cyber insurance or have preventive measures in place.  As a result, they may be increasingly targeted for cyber-attacks and are less likely than large businesses to survive such an attack.  A study by the National Cyber Security Alliance found that 60% of small businesses close within six months following a cyber-attack.

For more information, read the full report here.   

Pilot Project to Sell "Ugly" Foods Starting Soon

Supermarkets in the United States often reject produce that does not meet certain appearance standards. This includes produce that is generally thought of as being too big, too small, or misshapen or discolored.

According to a recent USA Today article, food retailer Whole Foods Market will begin a pilot project later this spring offering “ugly” produce for sale in certain California stores. Whole Foods already uses this produce in its prepared foods, but it intends to put the produce on display and sell it with other fruits and vegetables.

The goal is to reduce food going to waste, which the U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates to occur to approximately one-third of the total food supply. According to the article, supermarkets in Europe and Australia already successfully sell “imperfect” produce.

In addition to Whole Foods’ pilot project, several companies and nonprofits in the U.S. are seeking to reduce food waste by making this produce available at prices below supermarket prices. One, located outside of Boston, has experienced enough success to consider expansion to other areas – evidence that it’s the taste (and perhaps the cost) that matters, not the appearance.

Housing for Adults with Criminal Records

OLR Report 2016-R-0023 updates OLR Report 2006-R-0062 by (1) summarizing laws concerning ex-offenders’ and supervised offenders’ access to rental housing, (2) identifying current state initiatives to increase the availability of rental housing to ex-offenders, and (3) identifying legislative options for increasing such housing.

Generally, state and federal law allows public (i.e., housing authority) and private landlords discretion to reject applicants with a criminal record.  In some cases, however, federal law requires federal housing authorities to reject applicants with certain criminal histories (e.g. methamphetamine production).  Importantly, under federal and state statutes and case law, landlords cannot use applicants’ criminal records as a pretext for rejecting them for an illegal reason, such as on the basis of their race or religion.

Most of Connecticut’s initiatives to increase housing options for individuals with criminal records focus on supervised offenders and individuals exiting the correction system without supervision.
The report identified one state initiative that addresses the housing needs of ex-offenders: the Connecticut Collaborative on Re-entry’s (CCR) supportive housing program.  CCR is a partnership between several state agencies and community providers that focuses on individuals who cycle between prison and homeless shelters by making supportive housing available to ex-offenders and supervised offenders.

The report describes two measures that the legislature could consider to increase housing for ex-offenders.  Specifically, it could pass legislation explicitly prohibiting housing discrimination on the basis of a criminal record.  It could also expand the role of the state’s certificates of employability by requiring landlords to use them in applicant screening.

For more information, read the full report here.

Connecticut's Income Tax Checkoff Program

OLR Report 2016-R-0034 explains Connecticut's income tax checkoff program.  It provides the (1) legislative history and rationale for the accounts eligible to receive income tax contributions and (2) amount of money they have received under the program.

Under the checkoff program, taxpayers can voluntarily contribute any portion of their state income tax refund to seven designated state accounts.  The accounts, administered by various state agencies, fund a range of charitable, environmental protection, research, and education programs including grants to military families, organ donors and recipients, and AIDS and breast cancer researchers.  In total, taxpayers have contributed over $6 million under the income tax checkoff program from 1993 through 2014.

Connecticut's checkoff program accounts are:

• Organ Transplant Account (created in 1993)
• Endangered Species, Natural Area Preserves, and Watchable Wildlife Account (1993)
• AIDS Research Education Account (1993)
• Breast Cancer Research and Education Account (1997)
• Safety Net Services Account (1997)
• Military Relief Fund (2005)
• CHET (Connecticut Higher Education Trust) Baby Scholars Fund (2014)

For more information, read the full report here.

Trapped in the Suburbs

As is regularly reported by the media, many older adults are downsizing and moving from suburban to urban dwellings, where they will be able to age in place.  However, some boomers are discovering that making such a move may not be financially feasible, even for the relatively affluent.  Suburban home values have not necessarily kept pace with urban markets, especially in the New York City region.  A recent New York Times article explores the options available to these empty-nesters “who want to trade...unused rooms...as well as the steep suburban property taxes, for the city’s excitement and convenience.” 

http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/nyregion/eager-to-move-to-new-york-city-but-stranded-in-the-suburbs.html?ref=topics

Connecticut Microgrids

OLR Report 2016-R-0068 provides an overview of microgrids, acts affecting microgrids, and microgrid grant and loan programs.

A “microgrid” generally refers to a small-scale electric distribution network that links several users to one or more nearby distributed energy resources.  It can be operated in conjunction with or independently from a larger electrical grid.  Microgrids use energy from local connected sources, which can include renewable sources, fuel cells, batteries, or fossil fuels.

Public acts regarding microgrids have been passed in the last several years largely in response to the widespread power outages caused by storms in 2011.  To encourage the development of microgrids, legislation authorized pilot programs and provided funding by way of grants and loan programs to public and private entities.

The Department of Energy and Environmental Protection was charged with establishing the programs and has spearheaded efforts to enlist critical facilities and promote its benefits. The goal is to provide critical facilities with reliable energy during times of electricity grid outages.   

Click here to read the full report.    

What do consumers expect from the economy in the future?

A new interactive website from the New York Federal Reserve tracks how consumer expectations are changing over time.  The site, updated monthly based on survey data, covers three broad categories: inflation, the labor market, and household finances.  You can find information on what consumers expect in the future for topics such as: 

1. home prices,
2. household income and spending,
3. job finding and separations,
4. credit availability, and
5. debt delinquency.

 Check out the website for a wealth of information.

Justice of the Peace Selection and Duties

OLR Report 2016-R-0004 describes the process by which justices of the peace are selected and their duties.

In Connecticut, the process for selecting a justice of the peace is prescribed by statute (CGS §§ 9-183a, et. seq.).  By law, two-thirds are selected by major political parties and the remaining third of the positions are reserved for electors who are not members of the major parties.

The duties of a justice of the peace are also prescribed by statute.  These include administering oaths, acknowledging certain legal documents, and issuing tax warrants.

For more information, read the full report here.

Criminal Pretrial Diversionary Programs

OLR Report 2016-R-0020 summarizes the eight criminal pretrial diversionary programs in Connecticut, which are:

1. suspended prosecution for drug or alcohol dependence treatment;
2. suspended prosecution for illegal sale, delivery, or transfer of pistols, revolvers, long guns, armor piercing or incendiary .50 caliber ammunition, or large capacity magazines;
3. pretrial family violence education program;
4. accelerated rehabilitation;
5. pretrial alcohol education program;
6. pretrial drug education and community service program;
7. pretrial school violence prevention program; and
8. pretrial supervised diversionary program for people with psychiatric disabilities and certain veterans.

Courts have discretion whether to allow an eligible person to participate in a program.  If a court grants participation, it suspends the defendant's prosecution and orders the person to participate in treatment or other types of programs.  If a person successfully completes a program, the court dismisses the charges.  A person who does not complete a program returns to court to face the original charges.

For more information, read the full report here.

Department of Motor Vehicle Wait Times in Connecticut and Florida

OLR Report 2016-R-0017 compares Department of Motor Vehicle (DMV) wait times in Connecticut and Florida and compares how the departments are organized.

The average wait time at 12 Connecticut DMV offices at the end of October 2015 ranged from 47 minutes to one hour and 45 minutes.  Average wait times peaked in August 2015, largely because DMV converted to a new computer system.  In that month, average wait times ranged from just under two hours in DMV’s Danbury office to 4.5 hours in its Winsted office.  As of the writing of the report, Florida’s wait time information had not been provided and will be added once it is received.

Connecticut has eight DMV “hub” offices, which provide all customer services; five offices that offer all registration but limited licensing services; four photo license center locations which offer basic license renewal and limited registration services; and three appointment-only locations for specific testing or photo license services (AAA offices also provide license renewal and duplicate services). Connecticut, with about 2.48 million licensed drivers in 2012, provides motorist services at about 17 offices, some of which provide only limited services.

Florida’s approach to providing motorist services is more decentralized than in Connecticut.  It provides motorist services at nearly 300 locations, largely by partnering with tax collectors in its 67 counties which provide driver license, title, and registration services.  Florida also permits private agencies to contract with tax collectors to perform registration services.

For more information, read the full report here.

Connecticut Teenage Sexting Law

OLR Report 2016-R-0022 describes Connecticut’s law regarding teenagers sending explicit images via an electronic device (i.e., “sexting”).

This law addresses senders of child pornography, ages 13 to 15 years old, and recipients, ages 13 to 17 years old (CGS § 53a-196h).  By law, “child pornography” is any visual depiction of sexually explicit conduct involving a person younger than the age 16.  It may include a photograph, film, videotape, or picture, whether made or produced by electronic, digital, mechanical, or other method (CGS § 53a-193(13)).

The sexting law does not address situations in which the (1) image transmitted from the sender to the recipient is subsequently sent by the recipient to a larger audience or (2) sender or recipient’s age is outside the ranges provided above.  Depending on the circumstances, these situations may fall under the adult child pornography laws, which are felony crimes.

For more information, read the full report here.

Follow-up PTSD and Depression Treatment Rates Low

A recent RAND Corporation study found that, among other things, the military’s health program falls short in providing mental health care to active service members.  The study focused on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, which are two of the most common mental health conditions in the armed services.

According to the study, the health care system largely succeeds in providing patients with initial treatment, but had difficulty ensuring patients continue with their treatment.  Only one in three PTSD patients got sufficient follow-up care (which was defined as at least four visits).  For soldiers with depression, the numbers fell to less than one in four.

The RAND study was commissioned by the Department of Defense.   

Paid Family Leave Programs in California, New Jersey, and Rhode Island

OLR Report 2016-R-0030 describes the main provisions of the paid family leave programs in California, New Jersey, and Rhode Island.

These states have programs that provide employees with limited wage replacement benefits when they miss work to care for their family members.  Because all three programs are administered through their state’s disability insurance program, employees in each state can also receive benefits if they must take leave for their own health conditions, including pregnancies, although they must be continuously and totally unable to perform their customary work in order to qualify.

The paid family leave programs generally require eligible employees to have a certain amount of earnings from which deductions to fund the benefits have been withheld over the base period or year preceding their leave.  In California, employees contribute 0.9% of up to $106, 742 of wages to fund both the disability insurance and the paid family leave programs.  In Rhode Island employees contribute 1.2% from the first $64,200 in earnings to fund these programs.  And in New Jersey employees contribute 0.08% of their first $32,600 to fund the programs.

For more information, read the full report here.

Debt Increases among Older Americans

According to a February 12, 2016 report by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, debt among older Americans more than doubled between 2003 and 2015.  Specifically, the report states that Americans age 50 to 80 have seen a 59% increase in debt during this period.  According to the report, this increase is true for almost all types of debts, including mortgages, home equity lines of credit, credit cards, and auto loans.

 

While some of this increase may be attributed to the aging of the population, the report indicates that other factors are at play given the fact that since 2003 per capita debt increased by 48% at age 65 but saw a 12% drop at age 30.  The report attributes some of the changes in the per capita debt to changes in lender and borrower behaviors, such as:

·         new loan originators increasingly favoring older borrowers;

·         auto and mortgage originators tilting away from younger borrowers;

·         the direct correlation between credit risk score and age;

·         student loan debt affecting younger borrowers’ ability or willingness  to originate new loans; and

·         retirement-aged consumers’ strong repayment history.

The report indicates that even as the balance of their debt increases, retirement-aged consumers’ continue to show strong repayment history.

Read the full report here:

http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/greyingdebt.pdf

Connecticut’s Captive Insurer Market

Syosset, New York-based construction services firm, RC Structures, Inc. recently established Connecticut’s 10^th licensed captive insurer, RCX Insurance Company, according to a February 12, 2016 Insurance Journal article.

Captives are insurance companies wholly owned and controlled by a parent company to insure the parent’s risks. They generally allow the parent more freedom to tailor its insurance policies and premiums to meet its specific needs and circumstances.

In addition, captives may offer companies certain economic benefits. For example, a company that pays insurance premiums to an established insurer may instead choose to start a captive. The company (now called the ‘parent company’) then pays premiums to the captive instead of to the insurer. The parent company, because it owns the captive, has more control over the financial instruments offered and used by the captive, including the insurance contract, premium price, dividend policy, and investment strategy.

PA 08-127 allowed captive insurers to form in the state, but it wasn’t until after a 2011 statutory change that the first captives set up shop in the state. Connecticut licensed its first two captives in 2012. However, the practice of establishing captive insurers may have started much sooner in Connecticut. According to the Connecticut Captive Insurance Association, an industry trade association, “there is strong evidence” that the first captive in the country was the Mutual Assurance Company of the City of Norwich, Connecticut, formed in 1795 by textile manufacturers!

According to the Insurance Information Institute, Connecticut had the 22^nd most captives of any state in 2014, at seven. Vermont, which leads the nation in captive insurers, had 587. The rankings do not consider the size of the captives. 

Grid Modernization Project Concepts Submitted

As a 2015 law requires, Connecticut’s two electric distribution companies have submitted draft proposals to the Department of Energy and Environmental Protection (DEEP) for a pilot program to build, own, or operate grid-side system enhancements and investigate how to integrate distributed energy resources (DER) into the electric distribution system. (PA 15-5, June Special Session (§§ 102 & 103) (see the public act summary here.))

Eversource’s draft proposal describes eight potential project concepts, including (1) deploying utility-owned energy storage systems to support intermittent DER and (2) developing online mapping and other tools aggregating information on existing and future DER projects. UI’s draft proposal describes five potential project concepts, some of which are similar to Eversource’s proposal. Concepts include (1) forecasting solar adoption to identify opportunities to defer distribution capacity investments and (2) localized DER targeting (i.e., integrating DERs into grid planning and operations).

DEEP accepted public comment on the draft proposals through March 1, 2016. According to Eversource, as quoted in the New Haven Register, if the company receives approval from DEEP and the Public Utilities Regulatory Authority, projects could begin operating in late 2017.

New Comic Book Aimed at Easing a Child’s Hospital Stay

According to an article on Comicbookresources.com, Marvel Comics and Disney have joined forces (so to speak) with Child Life Council, a nonprofit organization of professionals who help children overcome trauma, to create a new Guardians of the Galaxy comic book that will be distributed to children’s hospitals across the country.

According to Marvel Editor and Custom Solutions Project Manager Mark Basso, as quoted in the article, “This year’s comic is all about friendship, camaraderie, and relying on other when you need help…There is nothing shameful about needing help from friends, family, or professional caregivers, and we wanted to underscore that them in the story.”

Click here to access the full comic book online.

Click here and here to read previous blog posts comic book and cartoon superheroes helping children learn about challenging subjects.

National Panel Finds Insufficient Evidence to Recommend Universal Autism Screening

As reported on NPR, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recently issued a recommendation that there is not enough evidence to support screening for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children for whom parents or others have not expressed concerns about ASD. Created in 1984, this 16-member task force consists of volunteer experts in prevention and evidence-based medicine appointed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, which is part of the Department of Health and Human Services.

The NPR article notes that the recommendation is controversial, as child development experts say there is evidence to support early screening and the risks of screening are minimal.

The task force document stated that evidence in support of universal screening “is lacking, of poor quality, or conflicting, and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined.” Among other things, the document also stated that:

Research has focused on screening and diagnostic tools and treatment for symptomatic children, especially those who are severely affected. Good-quality studies are needed to better understand the intermediate and long-term health outcomes of screening for ASD among children without obvious signs and symptoms and whether earlier identification through universal screening is associated with clinically important improvements in health outcomes.

The NPR article noted that the task force recommendation does not align with the American Academy of Pediatrics’ guidelines, which recommend screening all children for ASD at 18 and 24 months.

The most common screening process involves a 20-question checklist for parents or caregivers, involving questions such as “If you point at something across the room, does your child look at it?” and “Does your child get upset by everyday noises?” If the responses indicate the possibility of ASD, the practitioner has a follow-up interview with the parent or caregiver. If necessary, the next step is a full diagnostic workup.

The NPR article also noted that editorials in JAMA Psychiatry and JAMA Pediatrics criticized the new recommendation. 

  

http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/02/16/466915197/panel-says-evidence-is-lacking-on-universal-screening-for-autism 

http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2491642 

http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2491680 

http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2487491

The Resilient State

http://bit.ly/1KL1AjW

Businesses and state governments may not be in the same boat, but they sail the same turbulent, unpredictable economic waters.  Established businesses with brand name products and services face constant, relentless pressure from low-cost competitors and aggressive startups. And states are constantly competing against each other to keep residents and businesses from relocating to other states or nations.

Businesses and state governments can meet their respective challenges by battening down the hatches and sticking to their business models and strategic economic development plans. Or, they can accept change, but figure out how to bounce back from its disruptive effects. As we noted in an earlier posting, Columbia Business School professor Rita Gunther McGrath recommended the latter for businesses, arguing that competitive advantage doesn’t last and businesses must learn to “surf through waves of short-lived opportunities.” We asked if the same point couldn’t be made for city and state economic development policies and programs. 

We ask the question again in light of Andrew Zolli and Ann Marie Healy’s 2012 book, Resilience: Why Things Bounce Back. These authors contend, “Volatility of all sorts has become the new normal, and it’s here to stay.” This is the case for people, organizations, and communities.

For example, consider the wake a major manufacturer leaves when it closes its plants and lays off hundreds of skilled workers. State economic development programs try to prevent such outcomes by offering incentives designed to lower costs and make businesses more competitive, but they happen nonetheless. “If we cannot control the volatile tides of change, we can learn to build better boats,” the authors state. “We can design—and redesign—organizations, institutions, and systems to better absorb disruption, operate under a wider variety of conditions, and shift more fluidly from one circumstance to the next.”

How do you make a person, business, or community resilient? Zolli and Healy recommend using feedback mechanisms to detect when an abrupt change is about to happen and finding new ways to tackle the problem. The ability to do the latter depends on whether the laws and policies allow flexible, innovative solutions. According to the authors,

resilience-thinking does not simply call us into a defensive crouch against uncertainty and risk. Instead, by encouraging adaption, agility, cooperation, connectivity, and diversity, resilience-thinking can bring us to a different way of being in the world, and to a deeper engagement with it.

Click here to listen to the authors discuss the book on NPR.

Can Testing Student Writing on Computers Widen the Achievement Gap?

A 2012 study by the U.S. Department of Education examined how elementary school students performed when writing versus typing their answers during online exams. The results, recently released in 2015, show mixed results along racial and socioeconomic lines.

The Hechinger Report summarized the timely findings of this federal study, which coincide with states’ release of student scores on computerized Common Core tests. Hechinger notes that in 2015, “more than half of U.S. states gave computer-based writing tests to children as young as third-graders.”

The study compared fourth-graders’ 2012 essays typed on a computer with 2010 handwritten tests given to the same age group. Findings showed that high-performing students fared well on the computer tests compared with pencil and paper. But for average and low-performing students, categories that tended to have more low-income, black, and Hispanic students, answers written with pencil and paper consisted of better-crafted sentences. The department’s working paper concluded, “[T]he use of the computer may have widened the writing achievement gap” in the 2012 NAEP (National Assessment of Educational Progress) computer-based writing pilot assessment.

To read more about the study, along with perspectives from academia on how schools can incorporate computers into the classroom as an aid, rather than a hindrance, to student achievement, visit The Hechinger Report here.

Connecticut’s Local Health Departments

OLR Report 2016-R-0024 provides a brief overview of Connecticut’s local health departments.

Currently, Connecticut has 73 local health departments serving the state’s entire population. 53 are full-time departments, while the remaining 20 are part-time. The full-time departments include 33 individual municipal health departments and 20 health district departments (multi-town departments serving from two to 20 towns).

By law, a town may have a part-time health department if: (1) it did not have a full-time department or was not part of a full-time district before January 1, 1998, (2) it has the equivalent of one full-time employee, and (3) the Department of Public Health commissioner annually approves its public health program and budget (CGS § 19a-202a).

For more information, read the full report here.

Do Credit Scores Predict Lasting Relationships?

The ways people use credit scores continue to grow.  Not only are they used in loan applications, but they can be involved in a number of other transactions such as employment checks, cell phone contracts, and rental housing applications.  All of this led a group of researchers with the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C. to wonder how credit scores might impact personal relationships.

 

Using a large data set and a number of statistical methods, the authors found a “large and significant role for credit scores in the formation and dissolution of committed relationships,” such as marriages and cohabitation.  Among other things, the authors found:

1. a positive correlation between credit scores and forming a committed relationship and its continued stability, 
2. people sort themselves into committed relationships according to their credit scores, and
3. the “initial match quality in credit scores is highly predictive of subsequent separations.”

The authors suggest that credit scores may reveal information beyond a person’s creditworthiness, such as his or her general trustworthiness and commitment to obligations beyond financial debts.  They say their results “support the significance of trustworthiness in partners’ ability to form and maintain committed relationships.”

While other studies have looked at how people sort themselves into relationships based on a number of other factors, the authors state that their study is the first to systematically look at credit scores as a socioeconomic characteristic in relationships. 

Click here to read the full study, Credit Scores and Committed Relationships, August 2015.

Researchers Point to Another Link Between Childhood Poverty and Adult Obesity

The Washington Post’s Wonk Blog recently reported on a study that examined the relationship between childhood poverty and adult obesity. According to the blog, the researchers were seeking an explanation for the high prevalence of obesity among poor populations, and through three different experiments, found a correlation between childhood socioeconomic status and ability to regulate food and calorie intake as an adult. In one of the experiments, 31 female participants were provided cookies and pretzels to snack on as they pleased. Those who had grown up in low income households ate the snacks regardless of their level of hunger, while those who grew up in higher income households generally ate when they were hungry and declined snacks when they were full.

The researchers, based on the results of their studies, suggest that growing up in poverty may lead to a type of conditioning, which the blog explains as follows: “For those who never had to worry about a meal, foregoing a snack is no big deal—it's an afterthought. But for those who did, it could mean the difference between a good night's sleep and hours awake in bed.” Thus, as one researcher noted, a child learns to eat based on opportunity, not on hunger.

The study notes that the findings do not demonstrate a causal link between childhood socioeconomic insecurity and inability to moderate food intake, but the “research contributes to a growing literature on life-history theory, which indicates that people’s early life environments play an important role in calibrating their developmental pathways . . . and may have implications for their health and disease risk in adulthood.”

Click here to read the full study.